Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), now commonly referred to as Primary Biliary Cholangitis, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the liver. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the small bile ducts in the liver, causing inflammation and progressive damage. Over time, this leads to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and impaired liver function. At Digestive System Healthcare, our experienced team provides comprehensive care to manage PBC and improve patients’ quality of life.
What Causes Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
The exact cause of PBC is unknown, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Potential contributors include:
- Autoimmune activity:
- The immune system attacks healthy bile ducts.
- Genetics:
- A family history of autoimmune diseases may increase risk.
- Environmental triggers:
- Infections, smoking, or exposure to toxins may play a role.
What are the Symptoms of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
Symptoms of PBC can vary and may develop gradually. Early stages often have no symptoms, but as the disease progresses, patients may experience:
- Fatigue:
- Persistent and severe tiredness.
- Itchy skin (pruritus):
- Itching without a rash.
- Dry eyes and mouth:
- Commonly associated with other autoimmune conditions.
- Jaundice:
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile buildup.
- Abdominal pain:
- Discomfort in the upper right side.
- Swollen legs and ankles:
- Due to fluid retention.
- Dark urine and pale stools:
- Signs of bile flow obstruction.
How is Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Diagnosed?
PBC is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, including:
- Blood tests:
- To check liver function, autoimmune antibodies (e.g., antimitochondrial antibodies or AMA), and cholesterol levels.
- Imaging tests:
- Ultrasound, CT, or MRI to rule out other liver diseases.
- Liver biopsy:
- A small sample of liver tissue may be taken to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of damage.
What are the Treatment Options for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
While there is no cure for PBC, treatment aims to slow disease progression, manage symptoms, and prevent complications. Options include:
- Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA):
- A medication that improves bile flow and reduces liver inflammation.
- Obeticholic acid:
- For patients who do not respond adequately to UDCA.
- Symptom management:
- Antihistamines for itching, artificial tears for dry eyes, and nutritional supplements for deficiencies.
- Lifestyle changes:
- Avoid alcohol, maintain a healthy diet, and exercise regularly.
- Liver transplantation:
- In advanced cases of liver failure, a transplant may be necessary.