Pancreatic cancer can be classified into two main types based on the type of cells it originates from:

1. Exocrine pancreatic cancer:
   • The most common type, usually starting in the ducts of the pancreas.
   • Includes adenocarcinomas, which account for the majority of cases.
2. Endocrine pancreatic cancer (Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors):
   • A rare type that develops in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas.
   • Includes insulinomas, gastrinomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors.

The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified:

• Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor.
• Chronic pancreatitis: Long-term inflammation of the pancreas can increase risk.
• Diabetes: Long-standing diabetes has been linked to pancreatic cancer.
• Genetics: A family history of pancreatic cancer or certain genetic syndromes (e.g., BRCA mutations) can increase susceptibility.
• Obesity: Being overweight is associated with a higher risk.
• Age: Most cases occur in individuals over 60 years old.

Symptoms of pancreatic cancer often do not appear until the disease has progressed. Common signs include:

• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Abdominal or back pain
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• New-onset diabetes or worsening of existing diabetes

Diagnosing pancreatic cancer requires a comprehensive approach, including:

1. Medical history and physical exam: Evaluating symptoms and risk factors.
2. Imaging tests: CT scans, MRIs, or endoscopic ultrasounds are used to visualize the pancreas and detect tumors.
3. Blood tests: Tumor markers like CA 19-9 may help in diagnosis and monitoring.
4. Biopsy: A tissue sample may be taken to confirm the presence of cancer.