Common symptoms of lactose intolerance include:

• Bloating
• Diarrhea
• Gas
• Abdominal cramps
• Nausea
• Stomach rumbling

These symptoms can range from mild to severe and usually depend on the amount of lactose consumed and the level of lactase deficiency.

What causes lactose intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is primarily caused by a decrease in lactase production in the small intestine. There are different types of lactose intolerance, including:

• Primary lactose intolerance: The most common type, developing naturally over time as lactase production decreases with age.
• Secondary lactose intolerance: Caused by an illness or injury to the small intestine, such as Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or gastroenteritis.
• Congenital lactose intolerance: A rare genetic disorder where babies are born with little or no lactase production.

How is lactose intolerance diagnosed?
Lactose intolerance can be diagnosed through several methods, including:

• Lactose tolerance test: Measures the body’s reaction to a liquid that contains high levels of lactose.
• Hydrogen breath test: Measures the amount of hydrogen in the breath after consuming a lactose-containing beverage.
• Stool acidity test: Primarily used for infants and young children, this test measures the acidity in stool samples.

Managing lactose intolerance involves dietary changes and sometimes supplements. Effective strategies include:

• Dietary adjustments:
  • Limit or avoid dairy products.
  • Choose lactose-free or reduced-lactose products.
  • Include non-dairy sources of calcium, such as leafy green vegetables, almonds, and fortified foods.
• Lactase supplements:
  • Over-the-counter lactase enzyme supplements can help digest lactose in dairy products.
• Gradual introduction:
  • Some people may tolerate small amounts of dairy if introduced gradually.
• Reading labels:
  • Check food labels for hidden sources of lactose, such as whey, curds, and milk by-products.

There are many lactose-free alternatives to dairy products, including:

• Plant-based milks: Almond milk, soy milk, rice milk, oat milk, and coconut milk.
• Dairy-free yogurts: Made from almond, soy, or coconut milk.
• Dairy-free cheeses: Made from nuts, soy, or other plant-based ingredients.
• Lactose-free dairy: Lactose-free milk, cheese, and yogurt are available in most grocery stores.

It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience:

• Severe symptoms that affect your quality of life
• Unexplained weight loss
• Symptoms of malnutrition, such as fatigue, hair loss, or brittle nails
• Symptoms that do not improve with dietary changes

For more information about managing lactose intolerance and its underlying causes, contact Digestive System Healthcare to schedule a consultation with our specialists.

Preparation for an upper endoscopy is crucial to ensure accurate results and patient safety:

• Medication and Allergies: Provide a detailed list of all medications, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, as well as any allergies to medications or substances.
• Medical Conditions: Inform your healthcare team about any existing medical conditions, especially heart, lung, or bleeding disorders, and if you are taking diabetic medications or anticoagulants.
• Fasting: It’s essential not to eat or drink anything for at least eight to ten hours before the procedure to ensure the stomach is empty. This step is vital to allow clear visibility during the endoscopy and to prevent complications such as vomiting.

The upper endoscopy procedure is performed with the patient lying comfortably on their left side. Key aspects of the procedure include:

• Sedation: You will receive a sedative to help you relax and minimize discomfort. While sedated, you remain conscious and able to cooperate with instructions.
• Local Anesthetic: Your throat may be sprayed with a local anesthetic or you may gargle with it to reduce discomfort as the endoscope is inserted.
• Procedure Execution: A thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a camera and light at its tip is gently inserted through the mouth and guided down the throat into the upper GI tract. This allows the gastroenterologist to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum on a monitor.
• Air Insufflation: Air is introduced through the endoscope to expand the GI tract for better visualization. This may cause a sensation of fullness or bloating but should not interfere with breathing.
• Biopsy or Treatment: If necessary, small instruments can be passed through the endoscope to take tissue samples (biopsies) for further analysis or to treat conditions such as bleeding ulcers.

After the upper endoscopy, you will be monitored in a recovery area until most effects of the sedative wear off:

• Post-Procedure Care: You will receive instructions on when you can eat and drink, as well as any limitations on activities.
• Minor Side Effects: Mild side effects like a sore throat, bloating, or temporary discomfort may occur but typically resolve within a day.
• Recovery: Plan to rest for the remainder of the day and avoid driving or operating machinery due to the sedative effects. Arrange for a friend or family member to accompany you home.

Upper endoscopy is generally safe and complications are rare. Potential risks include:

• Perforation: Rarely, the intestinal wall may be punctured, requiring surgical repair.
• Bleeding: In some cases, minor bleeding may occur at the biopsy site but can usually be managed during the procedure.

Your gastroenterologist will discuss any specific concerns and provide personalized guidance based on your individual health status and procedure findings.

For more information about upper endoscopy or to schedule a consultation, please contact Digestive System Healthcare. Our specialists are dedicated to providing comprehensive care and ensuring your digestive health needs are met with expertise and compassion.