Several factors can contribute to the development of gastric ulcers, including:

• Helicobacter pylori infection: A common bacterial infection that can damage the stomach lining.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Regular use of medications like ibuprofen or aspirin can increase the risk of ulcers.
• Excessive acid production: Conditions that lead to increased stomach acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
• Smoking: Tobacco use can worsen ulcers and delay healing.
• Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can irritate the stomach lining.
• Stress: While stress does not directly cause ulcers, it can aggravate symptoms.

Gastric ulcers may present with the following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain: Often described as burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, typically occurring shortly after meals.
• Indigestion: Discomfort or bloating after eating.
• Nausea and vomiting: Especially if the ulcer is severe.
• Unintended weight loss: Due to poor appetite or avoiding foods that worsen symptoms.
• Bloody or dark stool: Indicating bleeding from the ulcer.

Diagnosing a gastric ulcer usually involves:

• Medical history and physical exam: Your doctor will inquire about your symptoms and perform a physical examination.
• Upper endoscopy (EGD): A procedure where a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to visualize any ulcers.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples may be taken during endoscopy to test for H. pylori infection or rule out other conditions.
• Barium X-ray: In some cases, a barium solution is swallowed to outline the upper digestive tract on X-ray images.

Treatment for gastric ulcers aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent complications. Options include:

Medications:

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Reduce stomach acid production to allow the ulcer to heal.
• Antibiotics: Used to eradicate H. pylori infection if present.
• H2-receptor blockers: Help reduce stomach acid and promote healing.
• Antacids: Provide temporary relief from pain and discomfort.
• Cytoprotective agents: Help protect the stomach lining and promote healing.

Lifestyle changes:

• Avoiding NSAIDs: If possible, use alternatives for pain relief.
• Quitting smoking: Helps speed up healing and reduce recurrence.
• Limiting alcohol: Minimizing alcohol intake to reduce irritation of the stomach lining.
• Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet and avoiding foods that can irritate the stomach.

Surgery: Rarely needed but may be considered for ulcers that do not heal with medications or in cases of severe complications like bleeding or perforation.