The primary cause of Barrett’s esophagus is long-term GERD. Other factors that may contribute to the development of Barrett’s esophagus include:

• Chronic acid reflux: Persistent exposure to stomach acid damages the esophageal lining.
• Hiatal hernia: A condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, which can exacerbate acid reflux.
• Age: Barrett’s esophagus is more common in individuals over 50.
• Gender: Men are more likely to develop Barrett’s esophagus than women.
• Obesity: Excess body weight, particularly around the abdomen, increases the risk.
• Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor.
• Genetics: A family history of Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal cancer increases the likelihood of developing the condition.

Barrett’s esophagus itself does not cause symptoms. However, it is often associated with symptoms of GERD, such as:

• Frequent heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest that occurs after eating and may be worse at night.
• Regurgitation: A sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into the throat or mouth.
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): A sensation of food being stuck in the esophagus.
• Chest pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest, which can mimic the symptoms of a heart attack.
• Chronic cough: Persistent coughing that does not respond to typical treatments.
• Hoarseness or sore throat: Irritation of the vocal cords and throat.

To diagnose Barrett’s esophagus, your doctor may recommend several tests and procedures, including:

• Upper endoscopy: A procedure where a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth to examine the esophagus. Biopsies (tissue samples) can be taken during the procedure to check for abnormal cells.
• Biopsy analysis: Pathologists examine the biopsied tissue under a microscope to determine if the cells have changed to the intestinal type seen in Barrett’s esophagus.

Treatment for Barrett’s esophagus focuses on managing GERD symptoms and monitoring the esophagus for precancerous changes. Treatment options include:

• Medications: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor blockers can reduce acid production and alleviate GERD symptoms.
• Lifestyle changes: Dietary modifications, weight loss, avoiding alcohol and tobacco, and elevating the head of the bed can help reduce acid reflux.
• Surveillance endoscopy: Regular endoscopies with biopsies are recommended to monitor the esophagus for dysplasia (precancerous changes).
• Endoscopic treatments: If dysplasia is detected, endoscopic procedures such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), or cryotherapy can be used to remove or destroy abnormal cells.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgical procedures such as esophagectomy (removal of part of the esophagus) may be necessary.

Living with Barrett’s esophagus requires ongoing management and regular medical check-ups:

• Adhere to treatment plans: Follow your doctor’s recommendations for medications and lifestyle changes to control GERD symptoms.
• Regular monitoring: Attend scheduled endoscopy appointments to monitor for changes in the esophageal lining.
• Stay informed: Keep up to date with new treatments and research developments related to Barrett’s esophagus.